Wi-Fi 8 as a Deterministic Wireless Platform for Real-Time and Mission-Critical Applications
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Abstract
Emerging real-time applications such as industrial robotics, immersive extended reality (XR), telemedicine, and remote-control systems require wireless connectivity that offers bounded latency, ultra-low jitter, and near-perfect reliability. Traditional Wi-Fi technologies were designed for best-effort traffic and lack deterministic performance guarantees. Wi-Fi 8 introduces architectural innovations—including coordinated multi-link operation, access-point cooperation, time-aware scheduling, and enhanced interference management—that fundamentally transform Wi-Fi from a contention-based medium into a coordinated wireless fabric. This paper presents a deterministic system model for Wi-Fi 8, analyzes its ability to deliver real-time services, and proposes a reference architecture for mission-critical wireless deployments. Analytical modeling and system-level evaluation show that Wi-Fi 8 can achieve latency bounds and reliability levels comparable to private cellular and time-sensitive Ethernet systems, enabling a new class of real-time wireless applications. Specifically, Wi-Fi 8 (IEEE 802.11bn Ultra High Reliability) aims to address the critical needs of emerging applications by targeting sub-20ms latency for 99.9% of packets, which is crucial for immersive communications like those foundational to the Metaverse, where higher delays can induce severe user distress [1], [2]tiptap://citation?d=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%2FIEEgUHJpbWVyIG9uIElFRUUgODAyLjExYm4gVWx0cmEgSGlnaCBSZWxpYWJpbGl0eSIsImFic3RyYWN0IjoiV2hhdCB3aWxsIFdpLUZpIDggYmU%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%3D. This paradigm shift towards deterministic performance marks a significant evolution from previous Wi-Fi generations, which primarily focused on maximizing throughput and supporting a greater number of devices rather than guaranteeing strict Quality of Service for latency-sensitive applications [3], [4]tiptap://citation?d=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%3D. This ambitious goal necessitates a re-evaluation of Wi-Fi's fundamental operational principles, moving beyond its legacy of carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance to embrace more coordinated and spectrally efficient mechanisms [1]tiptap://citation?d=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%2FIEEgUHJpbWVyIG9uIElFRUUgODAyLjExYm4gVWx0cmEgSGlnaCBSZWxpYWJpbGl0eSIsImFic3RyYWN0IjoiV2hhdCB3aWxsIFdpLUZpIDggYmU%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Wi-Fi 8, officially known as the IEEE 802.11bn standard, is poised to meet the increasing demands of high-reliability and low-latency applications, including real-time video, virtual reality, and industrial IoT communications [5]tiptap://citation?d=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%3D. These advancements leverage novel techniques such as Coordinated Spatial Reuse to optimize spectrum utilization, enabling simultaneous transmissions and significantly reducing latency in dense environments [6]tiptap://citation?d=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%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This enhancement, coupled with multi-AP coordination frameworks, fundamentally transforms Wi-Fi into a platform capable of supporting ultra-reliable low-latency communications [1], [7]tiptap://citation?d=[{"origin":5,"work":{"type":8,"subtype":{},"contributors":[{"role":0,"name":{"given":"David","family":"Nunez"}},{"role":0,"name":{"given":"Francesc","family":"Wilhelmi"}},{"role":0,"name":{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Galati-Giordano"}},{"role":0,"name":{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Geraci"}},{"role":0,"name":{"given":"Boris","family":"Bellalta"}}],"ids":{"issn":[],"isbn":[],"doi":"10.48550/ARXIV.2507.18480","exa":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18480"},"title":"Improving Wi-Fi 8 Latency with Coordinated Spatial Reuse","abstract":"IEEE 802.11 networks continuously adapt to meet the stringent requirements of emerging applications like cloud gaming, eXtended Reality (XR), and video streaming services, which require high throughput, low latency, and high reliability. To address these challenges, Coordinated Spatial Reuse (Co-SR) can potentially contribute to optimizing spectrum resource utilization. This mechanism is expected to enable simultaneous transmissions, thereby boosting spectral efficiency in dense environments and increasing the overall network performance. In this paper, we shed light on the performance of Co-SR for Wi-Fi 8 networks. For that, we propose an implementation of Co-SR aligned with ongoing Wi-Fi 8 standardization efforts. The evaluation is done on a Wi-Fi simulator, which allows us to study the performance of the proposed Co-SR mechanisms in relevant scenarios. The results obtained in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) consisting of four APs show delay reduction with Co-SR ranging from 31% to 95% when compared to Distributed Coordination Function (DCF).","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18480","issuedDate":"2025","accessedDate":"2025-09-26T15:26:51.218888841+00:00","containerInfo":{"authors":[],"impactFactor":"0.53"},"publisherInfo":{"name":"arXiv"},"version":"1"},"quote":"Abstract: IEEE 802.11 networks continuously adapt to meet the stringent requirements of emerging applications like cloud gaming, eXtended Reality (XR), and video streaming services, which require high throughput, low latency, and high reliability. To address these challenges, Coordinated Spatial Reuse (Co-SR) can potentially contribute to optimizing spectrum resource utilization. This mechanism is expected to enable simultaneous transmissions, thereby boosting spectral efficiency in dense environments and increasing the overall network performance. In this paper, we shed light on the performance of Co-SR for Wi-Fi 8 networks.","externalCacheId":"40f7d44d-caae-3145-b8fb-cd8e78cca566"},{"origin":4,"work":{"type":8,"subtype":{"oneofKind":"articleType","articleType":1},"contributors":[{"role":0,"name":{"given":"Lorenzo Galati","family":"Giordano"}},{"role":0,"name":{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Geraci"}},{"role":0,"name":{"given":"Marc","family":"Carrascosa"}},{"role":0,"name":{"given":"Boris","family":"Bellalta"}}],"ids":{"issn":["0163-6804","1558-1896"],"isbn":[],"doi":"10.1109/mcom.001.2300728","openalex":"W4401507902","openAccessId":"13964784663679229193"},"title":"What will Wi-Fi 8 Be? A Primer on IEEE 802.11bn Ultra High Reliability","abstract":"What will Wi-Fi 8 be? Driven by the strict requirements of emerging applications, next-generation Wi-Fi is set to prioritize ultra high reliability (UHR) above all. In this article, we explore the journey toward IEEE 802.11 bn UHR, the amendment that will form the basis of Wi-Fi 8. We first present new use cases calling for further Wi-Fi evolution and associated standardization, certification, and spectrum allocation efforts. We then introduce a selection of the main disruptive features envisioned for Wi-Fi 8 and their associated research challenges, resulting from the outcome of the UHR Study Group. Among those, we focus on Multi Access Point Coordination and demonstrate that it could build upon 802.11 be multi-link operation to make UHR a reality in Wi-Fi 8.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.2300728","resourceUrl":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.10442","issuedDate":"2024-08-01","accessedDate":"2025-10","containerInfo":{"authors":[],"title":"IEEE Communications Magazine","issue":8,"volume":62,"impactFactor":"4.12"},"containerLocator":{"pageRange":{"firstPage":126,"lastPage":132}},"publisherInfo":{"name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"},"tally":{"referencedWorksCount":8,"citedByCount":30}},"quote":"As the research community shifts gears to target new use cases and requirements, we introduce some of the new features that Wi-Fi 8 may bring about, along with their associated research challenges. Among these features, we highlight the multi-AP coordination framework as a game-changer for Wi-Fi, boosting spectrum utilization efficiency and closing in on performance determinism. We also present novel results demonstrating how such disruptive enhancements could build upon 802.11be multi-link operation (MLO) to maximize their impact, bringing Wi-Fi 8—and its ultra-reliability ambitions— one step closer. II. EMERGING USE CASES DRIVING NOVEL STANDARDIZATION EFFORTS As Wi-Fi keeps evolving, new use cases and applications are emerging that require not only more throughput and less delay, as targeted by Wi-Fi 7, but also a higher reliability. In this section, we explore some of the emerging use cases for Wi-Fi 8, as well as the standardization and regulatory activities that are shaping its development. A. Emerging Applications and Use cases The key use cases in 2030 and beyond for indoor connec-tivity are foreseen to include the following [5], [7]. Immersive communications: Moving from augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) glasses to holographic telepresence. 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This is critical for scenarios with high contention and collisions, common in dense Wi-Fi deployments, where traditional methods lead to degraded throughput and compromised reliability 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%3D%3D.
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